How to Calculate Cap Rate for Investment Properties in 2026

Let's get straight to the point. The cap rate is one of the most fundamental metrics in real estate investing. It gives you a high-level look at a property's potential return on investment.

The formula itself is simple: Cap Rate = Net Operating Income (NOI) / Current Market Value. Think of it as a quick financial health check that helps you compare different investment properties on an apples-to-apples basis.

Calculating Cap Rate: A Quick Guide for Investors

Before you can plug numbers into the formula, you have to get a solid handle on its two key ingredients: Net Operating Income (NOI) and the property's Current Market Value. If these inputs are off, your entire calculation will be unreliable.

The cap rate gives you a snapshot of a property's unlevered yield—meaning, its potential return before you factor in any mortgage debt. This is what makes it so powerful for comparing different types of deals, regardless of how an investor plans to finance them.

For example, cap rate allows you to directly compare:

A small duplex in Austin, Texas.
A large apartment building in Miami, Florida.
A commercial retail center in a suburban market.

Without a standardized metric like this, trying to weigh these diverse assets against each other would be a messy, almost impossible task.

The Core Components Explained

Net Operating Income (NOI) is the total income a property brings in, minus all reasonably necessary operating expenses. This is the financial lifeblood of your investment, representing the cash flow the property generates on its own.

Current Market Value is what the property could realistically sell for in today's market. This is not the same as the price you paid for it, especially if you bought it years ago or its value has changed due to market shifts or recent renovations.

Key Takeaway: A cap rate calculation is only as reliable as its inputs. Inflated income figures or an inaccurate market value will produce a misleading cap rate, which could easily lead to a bad investment decision.

To help you see how these pieces fit together, we've broken down each component of the formula in the table below. Getting this simple structure down is the first step toward analyzing deals with more confidence and precision.

Cap Rate Formula At-a-Glance

This table summarizes the inputs and the final output for any cap rate calculation. Use it as a quick reference to make sure you're accounting for everything correctly.

Component	Description	Example
Net Operating Income (NOI)	All revenue from the property, minus all reasonably necessary operating expenses. This excludes mortgage payments and capital expenditures.	Annual Rent: $120,000 Expenses: $50,000 NOI: $70,000
Current Market Value	The present-day value of the asset. This can be the purchase price for a new acquisition or a recent appraisal value.	An investor is analyzing a property listed for $1,000,000.
Cap Rate	The unlevered rate of return. Calculated by dividing the Net Operating Income by the Current Market Value.	$70,000 / $1,000,000 = 7.0%

As you can see, the math is straightforward once you have solid numbers for your NOI and market value. The real work lies in digging into the details to ensure those numbers are accurate.

Mastering Net Operating Income: The Foundation of Your Calculation

An accurate cap rate is only as good as the Net Operating Income (NOI) you use to calculate it. This is, without a doubt, the single biggest place where investors trip up. A bad NOI calculation can make a dud property look like a grand slam, leading to costly mistakes that drain your bank account.

Think of it this way: Gross Rental Income is what a property could make if the stars align perfectly. Net Operating Income is what it actually earns after you pay all the bills needed to keep it running. Getting this number right isn't just a step in the process; it's the bedrock of your entire analysis.

The formula itself is simple, but as you can see, everything flows from NOI.

If your NOI is garbage, your cap rate will be, too. Let's break down how to build it from the ground up.

Start with Gross Potential Income

First, figure out your Gross Potential Income (GPI). This is the absolute maximum income your property could generate in a year, assuming 100% occupancy and all tenants pay on time.

Scheduled Rents: This is your total monthly rent roll multiplied by 12.
Other Income: Don't forget extra revenue streams! This could be from coin-operated laundry, parking fees, storage units, or even pet fees.

Let’s say you have a duplex where each unit rents for $1,500 per month. Your annual scheduled rent is $36,000 ($3,000 x 12). If you also collect $50/month for a dedicated parking spot, that's another $600 a year. Your total GPI is $36,600.

Factor in Vacancy and Credit Losses

Here’s where reality hits. No property stays 100% occupied, and unfortunately, not every tenant pays on time. You have to account for vacancy and credit losses.

A good, conservative starting point is to budget between 5% and 10% of your GPI for this. For our $36,600 GPI example, a 7% vacancy rate means subtracting $2,562. Your realistic income, or Effective Gross Income, is now down to $34,038.

Ignoring vacancy is one of the most common rookie mistakes. Don't make it.

Nail Down Your True Operating Expenses

Next, you need to subtract all operating expenses (OpEx). These are the recurring, necessary costs to run the property day-to-day. Be brutally honest and thorough here—wishful thinking won't pay the bills.

Here are the usual suspects you need to account for:

Property Taxes: Look up the actual annual tax bill from the local municipality.
Property Insurance: Get a real quote for a landlord policy.
Utilities: Any costs you cover, like water, sewer, trash, or common area electricity.
Property Management Fees: Typically 8-12% of collected rent. Even if you plan to self-manage, always include this cost. Your time has value, and you might need a manager later.
Maintenance & Repairs: For routine stuff like a running toilet or a broken doorknob. Budgeting 1-2% of the property’s value annually is a solid rule of thumb.

Pro Tip: Do not confuse Operating Expenses (OpEx) with Capital Expenditures (CapEx). A new roof, an HVAC replacement, or a major kitchen remodel are CapEx. These are large, infrequent costs that add value to the asset. They are not included in the NOI calculation. Mixing them in will artificially crush your NOI and give you a misleadingly low cap rate.

Putting the Cap Rate Formula into Action with Real Examples

Theory is great, but real estate investing happens in the real world. Let’s walk through how to calculate cap rate in a few different scenarios, moving from a simple rental to a more complex investment. This is where you connect the numbers to your strategy.

We'll start with a straightforward single-family rental to get comfortable before tackling a multi-unit property.

Single-Family Rental Example

Let's say you're analyzing a single-family home on the market for $350,000. After checking out the local rental comps, you're confident it can bring in $2,500 per month.

First, we need to nail down the Net Operating Income (NOI).

Gross Potential Income: $2,500/month x 12 months = $30,000
Vacancy Loss (5%): $30,000 x 0.05 = $1,500
Effective Gross Income: $30,000 - $1,500 = $28,500

Now, let's subtract your estimated annual operating expenses.

Property Taxes: $4,200
Insurance: $1,200
Repairs & Maintenance: $2,400
Property Management (8% of EGI): $2,280
Total Operating Expenses: $10,080

That brings your Net Operating Income (NOI) to $18,420 ($28,500 - $10,080).

With the NOI and property value in hand, the cap rate formula is easy:

$18,420 (NOI) / $350,000 (Value) = 5.26% Cap Rate

This number gives you a clean, standardized way to compare this house against other potential investments you're looking at.

Multi-Family Apartment Building Example

Now, let's scale things up to a 4-plex apartment building with a market value of $800,000. In this scenario, you've got more income streams and expenses to track, which makes an accurate NOI even more critical.

Let's assume each of the four units rents for $1,600 a month.

Calculate Gross Income:
- Annual Rent: ($1,600/unit x 4 units) x 12 months = $76,800
- Laundry Income: $1,200
- Gross Potential Income: $78,000
Calculate NOI:
- Vacancy Loss (7%): $78,000 x 0.07 = $5,460
- Effective Gross Income: $78,000 - $5,460 = $72,540
- Total Annual Expenses (taxes, insurance, management, etc.): $26,000
- Net Operating Income (NOI): $46,540

Next, just plug those numbers into the cap rate formula: $46,540 (NOI) / $800,000 (Value) = 5.82% Cap Rate

As you can see, even with more moving parts, the fundamental process for figuring out the cap rate is exactly the same. For a deeper analysis, many investors use specialized tools to keep these calculations organized. You can explore some of the best rental property calculators compared in our guide to see what fits your workflow.

The Value-Add Project and ARV

Cap rate becomes a real powerhouse when you're analyzing value-add deals, like a BRRRR (Buy, Rehab, Rent, Refinance, Repeat) project. The twist here is that you'll calculate a future cap rate based on the property’s After Repair Value (ARV).

Imagine finding a distressed duplex for $250,000 that needs $50,000 in renovations. Your all-in cost is $300,000. After you fix it up, you determine its ARV will be $400,000, and the new, higher rents will generate an annual NOI of $28,000.

Instead of using the purchase price, you calculate the cap rate based on its future stabilized value: $28,000 (Future NOI) / $400,000 (ARV) = 7.0% Cap Rate

This "cap rate on ARV" tells you what your return will look like once the property is stabilized and performing at its peak. This is crucial because cap rates vary sharply by property class and asset type. For instance, pristine Class A assets might trade at 4-8%, while Class C value-add plays often need to hit 7-10% to justify the risk and effort. Knowing these benchmarks helps you decide if your projected 7.0% cap rate makes this a deal worth chasing.

Interpreting Cap Rate: What the Number Really Means for Your Deal

Calculating a cap rate is just a math problem. Knowing what that number really means is how savvy investors build wealth. That percentage isn't just a number—it tells a story about risk, opportunity, and what the market is thinking, all rolled into one tidy figure.

At its heart, the cap rate has an inverse relationship with risk and property value. Think of it like a seesaw.

On one end, you have high-value, low-risk properties—the shiny Class A buildings in prime downtown areas. These assets typically have low cap rates, often in the 4-6% range. Investors are happy to pay a premium for stability and predictable income, which drives the property value way up and, as a result, pushes the cap rate down.

On the other end of the seesaw are lower-value properties. Maybe they're in less desirable areas or need a ton of work. These often come with high cap rates, sometimes 9% or higher. That higher percentage signals a bigger potential return, but it's also your reward for taking on more risk—whether that's higher tenant turnover, unexpected maintenance costs, or a volatile local market.

High Cap Rate vs. Low Cap Rate

Here’s a common trap for new investors: assuming a higher cap rate is automatically better. It’s not.

A 10% cap rate property might look like a home run on paper, but it could turn into a management nightmare that bleeds cash through constant repairs and vacancies. On the flip side, a 5% cap rate property in a neighborhood that's appreciating quickly could build you fantastic long-term wealth through appreciation, even if the annual cash flow is just okay.

Key Insight: Never look at a cap rate in a vacuum. A "good" cap rate is completely relative. It depends on the market, the property type, and your personal investment strategy. A 6% cap rate might be an excellent deal for a new apartment complex in a major city but totally underwhelming for an older duplex in a small town.

Finding the Right Benchmark for Your Market

So, how do you figure out what a "good" cap rate is in your target area? The answer is simple: you have to do your homework and research the market. You need to benchmark your potential deal against what similar properties have actually sold for recently.

This means pulling "comp sales" (comparable sales) and calculating what their cap rates were at the time of sale. This tells you what other investors are willing to pay for that level of income in that specific submarket.

If most duplexes in a neighborhood are trading at a 6.5% cap rate and you find one listed at 8%, that’s a signal to dig deeper. It could be a fantastic deal, or there might be hidden problems dragging that number up.

This context is also shaped by bigger economic trends. Cap rates have been a bedrock of real estate analysis for decades, and they move in cycles with the economy. Historical data shows cap rates were in the 8-10% range in the early 2000s, then compressed to 5-7% by 2006 as cheap money flooded the market. Investors can find detailed reports on these historical cycles, and recent analysis shows spreads at just 172 bps, signaling tight markets where careful benchmarking is more critical than ever.

Cap Rate vs. Other Key Metrics

While it’s a powerful tool, cap rate isn't the only metric you should have in your toolbox. It gives you a great snapshot of a property’s unleveraged return, but it leaves out a huge piece of the puzzle: financing.

Here are a couple of other metrics to use alongside it:

Cash-on-Cash Return: This metric tells you the return on the actual cash you put into the deal (your down payment). It’s crucial for understanding how your money is performing, especially when you're using leverage.
Gross Rent Multiplier (GRM): This is a much simpler, back-of-the-napkin calculation (Property Value / Gross Annual Rent). It's handy for a quick first look but completely ignores operating expenses, which makes it far less precise than cap rate.

A complete analysis uses all these tools together. If you're comparing a deal with 20% down to one with 25% down, you should read our guide that dives deeper into cap rate vs cash-on-cash return. It will help clarify when to use each metric to make the smartest decision for your portfolio.

How to Accelerate Your Deal Analysis with PropLab

Calculating cap rates by hand for every single deal is a total grind. It's not just slow and tedious—a single misplaced decimal can turn what looked like a great investment into a financial nightmare. This is where modern real estate analysis tools give you a serious competitive edge, letting you vet more deals, way faster, and with a lot more confidence.

Instead of burning hours digging through public records and stale listings for comps, tools like PropLab deliver AI-powered property valuations in under a minute. This is a complete game-changer, especially for the value-add projects we talked about earlier. You get a reliable After Repair Value (ARV) to plug in as the "Current Market Value" in your cap rate formula, which is critical for projecting returns on any rehab.

Here's a look at how PropLab serves up the key numbers you need, minus all the manual labor.

What you're seeing is an instant, data-backed ARV. It’s the cornerstone for figuring out your potential cap rate post-rehab, taking the guesswork out of your analysis and giving you a solid number to work with.

From ARV to Actionable Offers

But PropLab doesn't just stop at ARV. The platform automatically calculates a Maximum Allowable Offer (MAO) for you by taking the ARV and subtracting estimated repair costs and your desired profit. Suddenly, you have a clear, defendable offer price that protects your bottom line from day one.

Key Takeaway: Using a tool like PropLab flips the script. You go from spending 80% of your time on manual research to spending 80% of your time on what actually matters—negotiating deals and locking down funding. It's how you build a robust pipeline of viable opportunities.

This kind of efficiency is absolutely essential in a fast-moving market. You can analyze dozens of properties in the time it used to take to manually comp just one. With coverage in over 90 U.S. counties, you’ll never miss out on a great deal because you were buried in a spreadsheet again.

For any investor looking to build a real system for their business, this kind of tech isn't a "nice-to-have" anymore. You can explore more ways to speed up your property analysis process to see how it directly impacts your deal flow. At the end of the day, the goal is to make faster, smarter decisions, and having instant access to accurate valuations is the first step.

Lingering Questions on Cap Rate

Even after you get the hang of the formula, a few practical questions always seem to pop up when you're analyzing a real-world deal. It happens to everyone. Getting these details right is the key to moving forward with confidence and avoiding the dreaded "analysis paralysis."

Here are the answers to the questions I hear most often from other investors.

Do I Use the Purchase Price or Market Value?

This is a big one. You should always use the current market value, not what you (or someone else) paid for the property years ago.

Think about it: a property bought for $200,000 ten years ago could easily be worth $450,000 today. If you used that old purchase price, your cap rate would look unbelievably high, but it wouldn't reflect the asset's true performance relative to its current worth. For a new deal you're analyzing, the asking price (or what you expect it to trade for) is your starting point for market value.

What Expenses Do I Leave Out of NOI?

This is a critical distinction that trips up a surprising number of investors, both new and experienced. Your Net Operating Income (NOI) calculation should NEVER include these four items:

Mortgage Payments (Debt Service): Cap rate is all about the property's performance, completely independent of how it's financed.
Capital Expenditures (CapEx): Those large, one-off improvements like a new roof or an HVAC system aren't part of the day-to-day operations.
Income Taxes: These are specific to the investor, not an expense of the property itself.
Depreciation: This is just a non-cash, "on-paper" deduction for tax purposes.

Tossing these into your calculation will artificially crush your NOI and can make a fantastic deal look mediocre on paper.

Investor Insight: The best way to think about NOI is as the pure, unadulterated profit the property itself generates before you or the bank takes a slice. It’s the truest measure of an asset’s operational health, which is exactly why we keep financing and major capital projects separate.

Should I Factor in Appreciation Potential?

No, not directly in the formula. Cap rate is a snapshot—it tells you about an investment’s income potential right now.

Of course, appreciation is a huge part of your total return on investment (ROI), but it's a separate piece of the puzzle from the cap rate calculation. First, you figure out the income story with cap rate; then you can forecast your potential equity growth.

Ready to stop guessing and start analyzing deals with data-backed confidence? PropLab gives you the AI-powered ARV and MAO you need to calculate cap rates and make smarter offers in under 60 seconds. Try PropLab for free and find your next deal.

Authored using